Milestone-Proposal:First Karaoke Machine, 1967
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Docket #:2024-25
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To the proposer’s knowledge, is this achievement subject to litigation? No
Is the achievement you are proposing more than 25 years old? Yes
Is the achievement you are proposing within IEEE’s designated fields as defined by IEEE Bylaw I-104.11, namely: Engineering, Computer Sciences and Information Technology, Physical Sciences, Biological and Medical Sciences, Mathematics, Technical Communications, Education, Management, and Law and Policy. Yes
Did the achievement provide a meaningful benefit for humanity? Yes
Was it of at least regional importance? Yes
Has an IEEE Organizational Unit agreed to pay for the milestone plaque(s)? Yes
Has the IEEE Section(s) in which the plaque(s) will be located agreed to arrange the dedication ceremony? Yes
Has the IEEE Section in which the milestone is located agreed to take responsibility for the plaque after it is dedicated? Yes
Has the owner of the site agreed to have it designated as an IEEE Milestone? Yes
Year or range of years in which the achievement occurred:
1967
Title of the proposed milestone:
First Karaoke Machine, 1967
Plaque citation summarizing the achievement and its significance: Text absolutely limited by plaque dimensions to 70 words; 60 is preferable for aesthetic reasons.
In 1967, Shigeichi Negishi innovated the world's first karaoke machine. His karaoke was a machine that became the origin of today, such as the content of the accompaniment of the song, the media recorded the contents, the acoustic machine that had the function of playing it back and mixing the singing voice collected by the microphone, and the machine that allowed the owner to charge the singer.
200-250 word abstract describing the significance of the technical achievement being proposed, the person(s) involved, historical context, humanitarian and social impact, as well as any possible controversies the advocate might need to review.
In October 1967, Shigeichi Negishi of the Nichiden Industry manufactured and sold the world's first Karaoke machine. The Karaoke he sold has, musical contents of musical accompaniment, 8-track magnetic recording media that recorded them, audio device that can mix with the singer's voice while playing accompaniment, cion timer that allows the owner to charge the singer, It was the first Karaoke machine that became the origin of the present day. Subsequently, Karaoke was placed in the stores of food and beverage vendors such as snacks and in hotel banquet halls, and Karaoke was used exclusively as a sideshow for sake parties. In the 1980s. With the development of laser discs, it became possible to display images on lyrics for the first time in Karaoke, which had previously only been accompanied by accompaniment. In the mid-1980s, a business form of soundproofed Karaoke boxes was born. Karaoke, which began in 1992, became a major driving force behind broadband communications. Today's Karaoke has grown into a maj
IEEE technical societies and technical councils within whose fields of interest the Milestone proposal resides.
IEEE Consumer Technology Society
In what IEEE section(s) does it reside?
IEEE Tokyo Section
IEEE Organizational Unit(s) which have agreed to sponsor the Milestone:
IEEE Organizational Unit(s) paying for milestone plaque(s):
Unit: IEEE Tokyo Section
Senior Officer Name: Kiyoharu Aizawa
IEEE Organizational Unit(s) arranging the dedication ceremony:
Unit: IEEE Tokyo Section
Senior Officer Name: Kiyoharu Aizawa
IEEE section(s) monitoring the plaque(s):
IEEE Section: IEEE Tokyo Section
IEEE Section Chair name: Kiyoharu Aizawa
Milestone proposer(s):
Proposer name: Shiro Kataoka
Proposer email: Proposer's email masked to public
Proposer name: Chiaki Ishikawa
Proposer email: Proposer's email masked to public
Please note: your email address and contact information will be masked on the website for privacy reasons. Only IEEE History Center Staff will be able to view the email address.
Street address(es) and GPS coordinates in decimal form of the intended milestone plaque site(s):
All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association,
2-24-11, Kami-Osaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0021 Japan
GPS Coordinate: N 35.6354785, E 139.7119934,
Describe briefly the intended site(s) of the milestone plaque(s). The intended site(s) must have a direct connection with the achievement (e.g. where developed, invented, tested, demonstrated, installed, or operated, etc.). A museum where a device or example of the technology is displayed, or the university where the inventor studied, are not, in themselves, sufficient connection for a milestone plaque.
Please give the address(es) of the plaque site(s) (GPS coordinates if you have them). Also please give the details of the mounting, i.e. on the outside of the building, in the ground floor entrance hall, on a plinth on the grounds, etc. If visitors to the plaque site will need to go through security, or make an appointment, please give the contact information visitors will need.
Are the original buildings extant?
No, the company “Nichiden Industry” of the inventor, Shigeichi Negishi, was located at Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan, but that company no longer exists
Details of the plaque mounting:
The plaque will be displayed in the reception room of The All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association.
How is the site protected/secured, and in what ways is it accessible to the public?
The plaque will be set on the show desk in the reception room of The All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association, which is accessible to the public with permission.
Who is the present owner of the site(s)?
Hideki Sakuma, President of the All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association
What is the historical significance of the work (its technological, scientific, or social importance)? If personal names are included in citation, include justification here. (see section 6 of Milestone Guidelines)
Justification of name in citation
In October 1967, Shigeichi Negishi of the Nichiden Kogyo invented karaoke machine and sold it to trading company under the trade name of the Music Box [1],[2],[3],[4a],[5b],[6a],[7],[8a],[9]. Subsequently, his product was released by a trading company named the Kokusai Syohin [4a]. From around 1968, the product was sold under the name Sparko Box. In 1994, when the All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association has established, the origins of karaoke were investigated. In 1999, the association hosted a roundtable discussion that brought together executive and expert members who could talk about the history of the karaoke industry, and discussed the origins of karaoke[4a]. In conclusion, they confirmed that Shigeichi Negishi is the inventor of karaoke[4a]. Shigeichi Negishi invented karaoke alone, but did not patent karaoke because the registration fee was too high and it took a lot of time to register it[6F]. The first karaoke machine he invented was preserved by his family
Historical Significance
Karaoke and its history
Karaoke (/ˌkæriˈoʊki/, Japanese: [kaɾaoke]; カラオケ, clipped compound of Japanese kara “空, empty" and ōkesutora “オーケストラ, orchestra") is a type of interactive entertainment system [10],[20].
The word Karaoke was originally a term used in the broadcasting industry and referred to music content[5a]. In other words, it meant that the accompaniment of the song was substituted with tape instead of live performance by an orchestra or band. This format originated in Japan. As Karaoke became popular as a form of entertainment, various forms of Karaoke came to be called Karaoke, as shown below. From the 1960s, an 8-track tape deck, which was popular as a car stereo, was mainly used as a "device" for singing songs using "Karaoke"[A]. Since the 1980s, laserdiscs, VHDs, video CDs, and DVDs have become popular [ ]. From that time on, Karaoke came to refer collectively to the "act" of singing using the device and the "place" for singing, such as a Karaoke box. Since the development of the broadband environment since the 1990s, online Karaoke has become the mainstream in Japan.
Early Karaoke machine and its components
Karaoke was a new product with different specifications from the jukeboxes that existed at that time. The elements of early Karaoke machine are as follows:
（１） “Contents” of the accompaniment music without the main melody or vocal.
（２） “Media” such as a magnetic recording tape that recorded contents.
（３） “Audio device” that can mix with the singer's voice while playing accompaniment,
（４） "Lyric card" with song title, singer name, and lyrics
Karaoke was expensive in the beginning. Therefore, the vendors of Karaoke wanted to popularize it in the commercial market rather than as a personal home use. The following business models have been added for owners and sellers.
（５） “Mechanism” that allows the owner to charge the singer.
（６） “Means” by which the seller rents the equipment, collects money, and regularly updates the music.
Shigeichi Negishi; Innovator of Karaoke machine
The first Karaoke machine was invented and manufactured by Shigeichi Negishi of Nichiden Industry in October 1967[1],[2],[3],[4a],[5b],[6a],[7], [8a], [9]. He sold it to Mitsuyoshi Hamasu of Kokusai Shohin, a trading company that has sales channels in restaurants. Mitsuyoshi Hamasu sold and leased it to restaurants since end of 1967. In 1969, it was released under the trade name "Sparko Box"[10c]. According to his interview [5c], about 8,000 units of this device were sold between 1967 and 1973. Photo 1 shows Shigeichi Negishi and the "Sparko Box".
This Music Box (later known as the Sparko Box) had the elements of Karaoke machine described in Section “Early Karaoke machine and its components”,
(1) the content of only 20 tracks of background music,
(2) the ability to mix singing voices recorded on 8-track magnetic tape player,
(3) Audio device that can mix with the singer's voice collected by a microphone while playing accompaniment.
According to his interview [6b] and for the convenience of the singers, he also included a lyric card. In addition,
(4) a mechanism to collect royalties from singers "Coin Timer" was attached [6b].
Proposer confirmed that as of September 2024, the Karaoke machine he built is still in storage and operation by his family.
Social Impact
The "Music Box" invented by Shigeichi Negishi was mainly used as a small jukebox in restaurants and other places.
Since the 1970s, the use of the jukebox has changed from a mini jukebox for listening to music to a Karaoke machine for singing. The reason for this is the recession of restaurants due to the oil shock of the mid-1970s, and the need for new products (singing devices) due to the recession. "Karaoke" which can be sung, eliminates the trouble of calling for instrument player to accompany with a guitar or accordion, and the freshness of being able to sing with a microphone in one hand like a singer has become popular. In addition, it became popular at once because it took less time (shorter billing time) than a mini jukebox and allowed you to earn usage fees. In the 1970s, Karaoke was often placed in the stores of snack shops and other food and beverage companies, as well as in hotel banquet halls. And Karaoke was used exclusively as a sideshow at the Sake-drink table.
Karaoke was instrumental in promoting sales of Audio-Visual devices such as CDs and laserdiscs in the 1980s. Laserdiscs were developed, and Karaoke, which had been only accompaniment until then, began to display images and lyrics for the first time[B]. In keeping with the popularity of laserdiscs, it was developed under the name "laser Karaoke". In the mid-1980s, a business form of soundproofed Karaoke boxes was born. It is a facility that specializes in providing only Karaoke, instead of Karaoke, which was considered an ancillary facility of restaurants such as bars and cafes.
In the 1990s, there were many million-selling single CDs in Japan. As a background to this, there is a growing need, especially among young people, who want to increase the number of "songs that can be sung" through the existence of Karaoke boxes that have spread throughout the country and provide a place where people can easily sing, and online Karaoke that has made it possible to distribute new records in a short period of time with multiple songs. There is a prevalence of Karaoke. Also, with the popularity of Karaoke, Karaoke was also included in the CD single of the song itself. As a result, it became possible to practice Karaoke at home without special equipment. In addition, online Karaoke, which began in 1992, became a major driver of broadband communications.
Industrial Impact
In 1994, the All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association was established. Since the invention of Karaoke, there has been no survey of the actual state of the industry. Therefore, in 1999, the Association began to investigate the market scale of the Karaoke business. Then, the "Karaoke White Paper" was published every year since 1995, the year after the establishment of the association. According to it, in 1996, when the Karaoke box market, which emerged as a new market for taverns and hotels and inns, which had been considered existing markets until then, reached its highest value, the annual market size was 1.298 trillion yen, about 10 billion dollars, and as of 2014, the annual business scale had grown to about 600 billion yen, about 4.3 billion dollars, in total [3].
Overseas Expansion
Karaoke invented in Japan has been developed overseas since the 1980s[B]. Today, Karaoke has spread to more
What obstacles (technical, political, geographic) needed to be overcome?
Overcomes to obstacles
Accompaniment obstacles and solutions
In the past, it was necessary for singers to prepare a live orchestra for accompaniment. Therefore, it was not possible to prepare the accompaniment anytime and anywhere. Even when singers wanted to sing simply in a bar or restaurant, they had to call and wait for instrument player with a guitar or accordion to play accompaniment for them. In addition, the content of ordinary songs contains the melody of vocal or the main melody. In the case of an instrumental without a song, it was difficult for amateur singers to sing the song because it was in the key that a professional singer actually sang. Therefore, the accompaniment was recorded in advance on 8-track magnetic tape for car stereo equipment, which was put into practical use at the time. A tape recording of the music for accompaniment was prepared, excluding only the main melody and singing voice. As a result, singers can play back both the audio and its accompaniment anytime, anywhere, using a Karaoke device while looking at the lyrics.
Challenges and solutions for dissemination
Karaoke machines at that time were expensive. For this reason, we narrowed down the sales channel to business use rather than home use, and thought about leasing as well as sales. In addition, in order to reduce the burden on the purchaser of Karaoke equipment, a charging device "Coin Timer" was added that allows singers to charge per time, such as 100 yen per 10 minutes. With these new business models, they began to gradually become popular in business applications.
What features set this work apart from similar achievements?
Features set this work apart from similar achievements
Discussion of the inventor of Karaoke
There were various theories about the inventor of Karaoke at first. At the end of the 20th century, an attempt was made to unravel the history of Karaoke, the greatest entertainment culture born in Japan in the 20th century. In other words, the All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association conducted a survey to find the inventor of Karaoke. The results of the survey are illustrated in the document [ ].
Figure, historical timeline (quoted from """)
As a result, as mentioned in Section “Early Karaoke machine and its components”, it is now known to be the invention of Shigeichi Negishi in 1967. The innovator candidates mentioned in the survey were as follows. (a) In January 1971, the small jukebox "PETTY JUKE" was released by Tsutomu Hamasaki [6c],[5d]. (b) Daisuke Inoue released the dedicated device "8JUKE" in January 1971[6e],[5e],[8b]. (c) In 1970, "Kikuka" et al.[6d], and in 1971, Yamashita Toshiharu sold the 8-track playback machine "Harp" with a microphone [1],[9],[5f], [4b],[6d]. The association compare the release years of all of them, they are later than 1967 when Shigeichi Negishi released them.
Comparison on the specifications of early Karaoke machine
Above Section “Karaoke machine and its components” lists five components of Karaoke machine. The apparatus made by four innovator candidates, including Shigeichi Negishi, as a candidate inventor listed in Section “Discussion of the inventor of Karaoke” was compared from the viewpoint of this component. As a result, the association confirm there were no notable differences in specifications. For this reason, the association recognized Shigeichi Negishi's Karaoke is of great value as the first machine invented in conclusion.
Supporting texts and citations to establish the dates, location, and importance of the achievement: Minimum of five (5), but as many as needed to support the milestone, such as patents, contemporary newspaper articles, journal articles, or chapters in scholarly books. 'Scholarly' is defined as peer-reviewed, with references, and published. You must supply the texts or excerpts themselves, not just the references. At least one of the references must be from a scholarly book or journal article. All supporting materials must be in English, or accompanied by an English translation.
References
[1] "Table, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese). pp. 20-, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association, 1999.
[Remarks] The format is different, but the content is the same as Reference [2] below.
[2] All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association; "How to understand History table, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese), https://www.karaoke.or.jp/03nenpyo/
[Remarks] The format is different, but the content is the same as Reference [1] above.
[3] All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association; "Table, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese),
https://www.karaoke.or.jp/03nenpyo/03_02.php
[Remarks] "The beginning of the karaoke business. From its birth to the heyday of the 8-track era In less than 40 years since its birth, the karaoke industry has developed into an industry worth more than 600 billion yen. Here, I would like to trace the history of karaoke through the conversion of hardware and software. In the early 1970s, a microphone jack was attached to a small 8-track jukebox with a built-in coin box, which had been mainly used as a background music player for light music until then. Then, Mr. Shigeichi Negishi (Nidec Industries) and others proposed a service for singing using light music tapes and other materials to a small jukebox, and a precursor to karaoke appeared. (Lines 1-6 of the text)
[4a] "Roundtable Discussion, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese). pp. 6-13, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association. 1999.
[Remarks] Six executives of the All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association talk about the origins of Karaoke (6 pages, participants and photos).
[Remarks] (a) Shonosuke Mozuka's remarks: "Mitsuyoshi Hamasu of Kokusai Goods Co., Ltd. was selling a small jukebox called the Sparco Box in a flashy manner around 1970" (p. 5, right column, lines 5-7) (b) Shiro Kataoka said: "There was another inventor of it, Mr. Shigeichi Negishi of Niden. The open reel of the program was borrowed from a broadcaster and recorded on an 8-track tape. We built a small jukebox that incorporated an 8-track player from a car stereo. I brought the device to Mr. Hamasu's company in October 1967 along with the tape." (Page 5, right, lines 8-16)
[4b] "Roundtable Discussion, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese), pp.6-13, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association. 1999.
[Remarks] Six executives of the All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association talk about the origins of Karaoke (6 pages, participants and photos).
[Remarks] Hiroshi Betsumiya said: "Toshiharu Yamashita sold small jukeboxes in Kyushu from 1970 to 1971" (p. 6, right, lines 14-18) [Mr. Yamashita came to Kobe in February 1971 to sell it, and I bought 100 of them from him.] (Page 7, left, lines 11-15).
[5a] " Testimonies of History, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese). p. 14, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association, 1999. https://www.karaoke.or.jp/03nenpyo/shogen2.php#hashimoto
[Remarks] Fumiro Hashimoto's testimony: "In 1951, we broadcast a radio program called "Kayo Song without Songs," which became a long-running program that continues to this day. Karaoke software has its roots in the MMO (Music Minus One) used in the show. (p. 14, title and text summary).
[5b] "A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese). p. 15, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association, 1999. https://www.karaoke.or.jp/03nenpyo/shogen2.php#hashimoto
[Remarks] Shigeichi Negishi's testimony: "Around 1967, I devised a three-piece karaoke set consisting of a device with a microphone, a tape, and a lyric card, and brought it to Mr. Hamasu, the chairman of Kokusai Products" (p. 15, summary of title and text).
[5c] "Testimonies of History, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese). p. 16, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association, 1999. https://www.karaoke.or.jp/03nenpyo/shogen2.php#hashimoto
[Remarks] Testimony of Mitsuyoshi Hamasu: "In 1967, we started selling small jukeboxes under the name of 'Kokusai Products'" (p. 16, summary of title and text).
[5d] " Testimonies of History, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese). p. 17, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association, 1999. https://www.karaoke.or.jp/03nenpyo/shogen2.php#hashimoto
[Remarks] Testimony of Mamoru Hamasaki (son of Iwao Hamasaki): "From 1968, Iwao Hamasaki began selling small jukeboxes from Music Osaka" (p. 17, summary of title and text).
[5e] " Testimonies of History, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese). p. 18, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association, 1999. https://www.karaoke.or.jp/03nenpyo/shogen2.php#hashimoto
[Remarks] Daisuke Inoue's testimony: "In 1971, I devised the first karaoke machine for commercial use and began renting it to commercial stores" (p. 18, summary of title and text).
[5f] " Testimonies of History, A History of KARAOKE" (in Japanese). p. 19, All-Japan Karaoke Industrialist Association, 1999. https://www.karaoke.or.jp/03nenpyo/shogen2.php#hashimoto
[Remarks] Testimony of Kenji Niimi (colleague of Toshiharu Yamashita): "In 1968, I started karaoke sales activities with Toshiharu Yamashita of Taiyo Records Kansai" (p. 19, summary of title and text).
[6a] Ugaya, Hiromichi (2008). “Karaoke Secret History – world revolution of ingenuity” (in Japanese). Shinchosha Publishing, p. 24, pp.48-56, ISBN 978-4106102929.
[Remarks] Referring to Reference [1] and [3], he interviews Shigeichi Negishi himself (pp. 48-56). From them, the author concludes that "Shigeichi Negishi is the inventor of karaoke" (p. 24, lines 3-6). Shigeichi Negishi said in an interview that he "sold 2,000 units himself from 1967 to 1975" (p. 54, lines 10-13).
[6b] Ugaya, Hiromichi (2008). “Karaoke Secret History – world revolution of ingenuity” (in Japanese). Shinchosha Publishing, p. 25, ISBN 978-4106102929.
[Remarks] The author actually saw a karaoke machine made by Shigeichi Negishi and confirmed that it was equipped with a "Coin Timer", which is a billing device. In other words, he was the first person to commercialize karaoke. (Page 25, lines 5-7)
[6c] Ugaya, Hiromichi (2008). “Karaoke Secret History – world revolution of ingenuity” (in Japanese). Shinchosha Publishing, p. 60, ISBN 978-4106102929.
[Remarks] Iwao Hamasaki released "PETTY JUKE" in Tokyo in January 1971. (Page 60, lines 1-3)
[6d] Ugaya, Hiromichi (2008). “Karaoke Secret History – world revolution of ingenuity” (in Japanese). Shinchosha Publishing, p. 58, ISBN 978-4106102929.
[Remarks] Toshiharu Yamashita released "Harp" in Fukuoka in 1971. In 1973, the Ohka-mini was released. (p. 57, lines 13-15).
[6e] Ugaya, Hiromichi (2008). “Karaoke Secret History – world revolution of ingenuity” (in Japanese). Shinchosha Publishing, p. 41, ISBN 978-4106102929. [Remarks] Daisuke Inoue released "8 JUKE" in Kobe in January 1971. (pp. 41, pp. 5-6)
[6f] Ugaya, Hiromichi (2008). “Karaoke Secret History – world revolution of ingenuity” (in Japanese). Shinchosha Publishing, p. 56, ISBN 978-4106102929.
[Remarks] Shigeichi Negishi explains why he did not obtain a patent. He explained that it took 200,000 to 300,000 yen in money at the time to obtain a patent, and that it took three years for the procedure to proceed. (p. 56, lines 8-10).
[7] "Selection from TOP 100 Japanese Innovations of "Karaoke"" (PDF). IP Friends Connections. December 2015 No. 11: 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
[8a] Alt, Matt (2021). Pure Invention: How Japan Made the Modern World. Crown. pp. 84–90, pp. 98-100, ISBN 978-1-9848-2671-8.
[Remarks] It describes how Shigeichi Negishi conceived, manufactured, and sold karaoke.
[8b] Alt, Matt (2021). Pure Invention: How Japan Made the Modern World. Crown. pp. 75-77, p. 84, pp. 90-92, pp. 98-99, pp. 154-155, ISBN 978-1-9848-2671-8. [Remarks] It describes how Daisuke Inoue manufactured and sold karaoke.
[9] Alt, Matt (14 March 2024). "Shigeichi Negishi, the Inventor of Karaoke, Dies at 100". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
[Remarks] A newspaper article in the Wall Street Journal that Shigeichi Negishi died on January 26, 2024 at the age of 100.
[10] Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
[19] "The Man Who Invented Karaoke Is 95 And His Machine Still Works". kotaku.com. 26 June 2020. https://kotaku.com/the-man-who-invented-karaoke-is-95-and-his-machine-stil-1844154550
[Remarks] According to Proposer's family, as of September 2024, the karaoke machine he made is still in existence and operation.
[A] The Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation: “Karaoke, Innovation 100”, 2016. https://www.koueki.jiii.or.jp/innovation100/innovation_detail.php?eid=00023&test=open&age=high-growth
[Remarks] In 2016, The Japan Institute of Invention and Innovation selected 100 inventions from postwar Japan. Karaoke was chosen as one of them, and it was also selected as one of the top 10 among them. In this prospectus, there is a description with IEEE Milestone in mind. "It is safe to say that the award system in the fields of 'inventions' and 'services' that constitute innovation is being developed, and for that reason, projects such as the "milestone" system, which is recognized by the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers of America, should be considered in the future for those that have had a significant impact on society and internationally after a reasonable number of years.
[B] "The History of Karaoke in America". Karaoke Cloud. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2024 https://karaokecloud.wordpress.３com/2013/04/12/the-history-of-karaoke-in-america/
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