Milestone-Proposal:Commonwealth Solar Observatory, 1924
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Docket #:2022-17
This Proposal has been approved, and is now a Milestone
To the proposer’s knowledge, is this achievement subject to litigation? No
Is the achievement you are proposing more than 25 years old? Yes
Is the achievement you are proposing within IEEE’s designated fields as defined by IEEE Bylaw I-104.11, namely: Engineering, Computer Sciences and Information Technology, Physical Sciences, Biological and Medical Sciences, Mathematics, Technical Communications, Education, Management, and Law and Policy. Yes
Did the achievement provide a meaningful benefit for humanity? Yes
Was it of at least regional importance? Yes
Has an IEEE Organizational Unit agreed to pay for the milestone plaque(s)? Yes
Has the IEEE Section(s) in which the plaque(s) will be located agreed to arrange the dedication ceremony? Yes
Has the IEEE Section in which the milestone is located agreed to take responsibility for the plaque after it is dedicated? Yes
Has the owner of the site agreed to have it designated as an IEEE Milestone? Yes
Year or range of years in which the achievement occurred:
1911-present
Title of the proposed milestone:
IEEE Special Citation: Commonwealth Solar - Mount Stromlo Observatory, 1924
Plaque citation summarizing the achievement and its significance; if personal name(s) are included, such name(s) must follow the achievement itself in the citation wording: Text absolutely limited by plaque dimensions to 70 words; 60 is preferable for aesthetic reasons.
Since 1924, the Commonwealth Solar Observatory has preserved the history of solar observation, optical munitions manufacturing, optical stellar research, and world-class development of astrophysics instrumentation in Australia. The Observatory has also become a major partner in developing the Australian space industry, including the design and supply of components for the world’s largest optical telescopes, while simultaneously furthering public education.
200-250 word abstract describing the significance of the technical achievement being proposed, the person(s) involved, historical context, humanitarian and social impact, as well as any possible controversies the advocate might need to review.
IEEE technical societies and technical councils within whose fields of interest the Milestone proposal resides.
In what IEEE section(s) does it reside?
Australian Capital Territory Section
IEEE Organizational Unit(s) which have agreed to sponsor the Milestone:
IEEE Organizational Unit(s) paying for milestone plaque(s):
Unit: Australian Capital Territory Section
Senior Officer Name: Ambarish Natu
IEEE Organizational Unit(s) arranging the dedication ceremony:
Unit: Australian Capital Territory Section
Senior Officer Name: Ambarish Natu
IEEE section(s) monitoring the plaque(s):
IEEE Section: Australian Capital Territory Section
IEEE Section Chair name: Ambarish Natu
Milestone proposer(s):
Proposer name: Ambarish Natu
Proposer email: Proposer's email masked to public
Please note: your email address and contact information will be masked on the website for privacy reasons. Only IEEE History Center Staff will be able to view the email address.
Street address(es) and GPS coordinates in decimal form of the intended milestone plaque site(s):
Cotter Road, Weston Creek, ACT 2611, 35.32087 S, 149.0007 E.
Describe briefly the intended site(s) of the milestone plaque(s). The intended site(s) must have a direct connection with the achievement (e.g. where developed, invented, tested, demonstrated, installed, or operated, etc.). A museum where a device or example of the technology is displayed, or the university where the inventor studied, are not, in themselves, sufficient connection for a milestone plaque.
Please give the address(es) of the plaque site(s) (GPS coordinates if you have them). Also please give the details of the mounting, i.e. on the outside of the building, in the ground floor entrance hall, on a plinth on the grounds, etc. If visitors to the plaque site will need to go through security, or make an appointment, please give the contact information visitors will need. Visitor Centre
Are the original buildings extant?
Yes
Details of the plaque mounting:
Entrance Hall of Visitor Centre
How is the site protected/secured, and in what ways is it accessible to the public?
Its inside the Visitor Centre that is closed when not in use
Who is the present owner of the site(s)?
Australian National University
What is the historical significance of the work (its technological, scientific, or social importance)? If personal names are included in citation, include detailed support at the end of this section preceded by "Justification for Inclusion of Name(s)". (see section 6 of Milestone Guidelines)
IEEE Special Citation in History is requested for 100 years of continued service to the community.
History
The Commonwealth Solar Observatory (CSO) is one of the oldest astronomical institutions in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere.
The Oddie Telescope Trial [24]: There was early interest among the astronomy fraternity in Melbourne in establishing a solar observatory in Canberra. In February 1910 the Commonwealth government invited Pietro Baracchi, the Victorian Government Astronomer, and a party of four to the Canberra area to select a suitable site for an astronomical observatory [4]. With a telescope donated by James Oddie, Baracchi established a small observatory on Mount Stromlo in May 1911. Within months of the proclamation of the Federal Capital Territory, astronomers from Melbourne had installed the 9-inch Oddie Refractor on the summit of Stromlo in order to site-test the mountain.
Baracchi regularly visited the site until 1913 when he reported that it 'fulfilled the most essential requirements for any class of delicate astronomical work'. The Oddie Dome was among the first Federal buildings to be constructed in the ACT. It was designed and constructed by the Department of Home Affairs. Astronomers later used the telescope to take spectra of southern stars, gathering information on their age, size and chemical composition; measure the orbits of binary stars; and search for remnants of supernovae in the Milky Way [5].
The Solar Observatory: Despite lobbying since around 1905, after World War 1 the campaign to create a national observatory was taken up again. Astronomer Walter Geoffrey Duffield was the main driving force in efforts to fill the latitude gap between the USA and India that would allow the Sun to be kept under constant observation. The Commonwealth Government gave final approval in 1923, and Duffield was appointed as the foundation Director of the new Commonwealth Solar Observatory in January 1924. The building was designed to become the focal point, the administrative centre and the social heart of the Observatory. The building included two octagonal towers. The one at the eastern end was to carry the heliostat or sun telescope and one at the western end was for a conventional telescope (occupied by the Farnham telescope). The main building was constructed between 1924 and 1926. Work on the solar laboratories, including a long tunnel to house a spectrograph, took another 2 years to complete due to the blasting needed to excavate the basement and tunnel. During this period the Observatory was based in a wing of the Hotel Canberra (now the Hyatt). The Heliostat was the main instrument of the Commonwealth Solar Observatory from 1931 to 1946. It was housed in a small dome above a vertical tower, which led to the solar laboratory in the basement. The Heliostat [25] used two flat mirrors inside the dome to track the Sun and pass its light down the tower through a 12 inch lens. At the bottom of the tower, the light beam was reflected by another flat mirror to focus in one of the measuring instruments. The main instrument was a 3-prism spectrograph, regarded as one of the best in the world. This instrument was used to produce the Atlas of the Solar Spectrum which became the prime reference in the field of solar research for many years. Research was also carried out on the interaction between solar flares, sunspots and their effects on the Earth, particularly the upper atmosphere.
Wartime Precision Manufacturing: The Second World War dramatically changed the role of the observatory. The Commonwealth Solar Observatory operated as an Optical Munitions Factory, designing and manufacturing gun-sights and other equipment to aid the war effort. The Observatory swelled in size with a number of new workshops being constructed, and the staff numbers grew from 10 to 70. Mount Stromlo was the only Optical Munitions Factory in Australia equipped with the expertise and facilities to both design and manufacture munitions. Many of the new engineers were German Jews, released from a prisoner-of-war camp under the care of Director Richard Woolley. The Observatory also acquired responsibility for the Commonwealth Time Service in 1944 and this responsibility remained until 1968.
Transition to Stellar Astronomy: While the main focus of the observatory in the early years was on the study of the sun, parallel work was undertaken on observation of the stars. The 6 inch Farnham Telescope7 was installed in 1928 in the dome on the west wing of the building. Because of its small size, the Farnham had only limited use, but some of the earliest spectroscopic classification of southern stars was done with it and in the 1940s it was used to investigate variable stars. A 30 inch Reynolds Reflector telescope was donated to the observatory in 1924 and was erected between 1927 and 1929 in a separate dome near the Solar Observatory building. Itwas the first reflecting telescope at Mt Stromlo and until the 1950s it was the largest operational telescope in the southern hemisphere. During the 1940s the Reynolds reflector was used for some of the first detailed surveys of southern stellar types, and in the 1950s to study stars in the Magellanic Cloud galaxies8 [20-22]. After the Second World War the research efforts of the Observatory changed from solar tostellar astronomy and the Heliostat gradually fell into disuse.
Since its inception in 1911 this facility has evolved and is engaged in many fields such as: astronomy, engineering, physics, computer science, technical communication and education even today. There are very few facilities in the world that have evolved over the time like the CSO but still operating as world class leader in such diverse fields.
What obstacles (technical, political, geographic) needed to be overcome?
Walter Geoffrey Duffield, a solar astronomer and revered scientist recognised the strategic and geographical importance of having a observatory and had been lobbying for an Observatory in Australia from as early as 1905.
In 1911 a delegation for an Australian Solar Observatory went to London seeking Commonwealth assistance to build this observatory. The League of the Empire sought subscriptions to assist raising funds.
With development significantly delayed by the outbreak of the First World War, the Commonwealth Solar Observatory was finally established in 1924 as part of the Commonwealth Department of the Interior.
It took nearly two decades to have this Observatory established. Funding, Access, terrain and lack of human resource were among the several other challenges to have this solar observatory set-up in Canberra.
Furthermore, the 2003 firestorm is a historically significant event in the history of the Mount Stromlo Observatory, which destroyed most of the buildings and workshops, research telescopes, instruments, important research and records on site, as well as the vegetation, including the surrounding pine plantation. The evidence of the ruined buildings and domes demonstrates the extent of the devastation.
Since then it has taken almost a decade for this observatory facilities to be restored to its current state. A joint effort of the ANU and the Australian Government helped in reshaping these facilities. Nevertheless, it requires the support of the generous donations from the general public to keep these facilities running. As a result, in winter and summer months the Australian National University runs workshops, heritage trails and tours for the general public including special events such as when there was a flyer over of the comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) near earth in February 2023. These activities help spark the much needed interest in the younger generation in the area of astrophysics and astronomy. The CSO has played a critical role in maintaining the public education excercises in this regards. On-going funding remains a constant obstacle for the CSO. The artefacts in the Visitor Centre showcase different items from history and of technological excellence from time to time to attract visitors.
Despite all these challenges, CSO is a leading astronomical center that preserved and continues to operate facilities that are engaged in scientific and technical discovery and in educating the public.
What features set this work apart from similar achievements?
The first notable research achievement was with the Heliostat and spectrograph were used by Clabon Allen in the 1930s to produce an Atlas of the Solar Spectrum. By analysing the intensity of the dark lines that cross the Sun's spectrum, Allen made a significant contribution to the understanding of the elements that make up the Sun' atmosphere and developed a Solar Atlas which gained the Observatory international recognition and became an important reference to solar researchers for many years.
In the 1950s astronomer Ben Gascoigne used the Reynolds telescope to study stars in the Magellanic Cloud galaxies, leading to the discovery that the universe was twice the size and age than previously thought. This work was supported by Gerald Kron, a US engineer turned astronomer who was expert in constructing instruments for astronomical purposes, especially photoelectric photometric instruments [20-22]
In 1957, Stromlo research engineer Kurt Gottlieb captured the first Western photograph of the Soviet Union’s Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. The image graced the cover of the New York Times.
In 1984 Stromlo scientists Mike Bessell and John Norris discover the oldest star, a record which stood for over 20 years. The same team reclaimed this title in 2014. Stromlo astronomer Ken Freeman was one of the first people to suggest the presence of an invisible mass in the Universe. In 1970 he ‘weighed’ some spiral galaxies by calculating the mass of all the visible objects, revealing that there was not enough visible mass to create enough gravity to hold the galaxy together. The missing mass was called ‘dark matter’, which we now know makes up about 25% of the Universe. In 1992 Mt Stromlo embarked on the MACHO project (Massive Astronomical Compact Halo Objects), in an attempt to identify the source of the mysterious 'dark matter'. The project ruled out MACHOs as an adequate explanation, and also led to the first discoveries of exoplanets (planets beyond our own solar system).
From 1994, Mount Stromlo Director Jeremy Mould led the team that used the Hubble Space Telescope to accurately determine the Hubble Constant (the rate of the Universe’s expansion). From this finding, the age of the Universe was recalculated to be about 13 billion years old.
In 1998, following observations of supernovae using the Reynolds Reflector, Mt Stromlo researcher Brian Schmidt (along with two other astronomers from the United States) published evidence that the Universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. This observation led to the team’s discovery of ‘dark energy’, which accounts for about 70% of the Universe. Professor Schmidt was named a joint winner of the 2011 Nobel physics prize for his ground-breaking research on supernovae and the expansion of the universe.
The site is significant nationally as it helped define not only time but the layout of the national capital, and in 1914 provided the data to show the suitability of Mt Stromlo as the location of the Commonwealth Solar Observatory and later the Mt Stromlo Observatory joining the Australian National University and producing amound the very first PhD graduate in what has until then been an research oriented university, and is now a leading teaching and research university.
Why was the achievement successful and impactful?
Supporting texts and citations to establish the dates, location, and importance of the achievement: Minimum of five (5), but as many as needed to support the milestone, such as patents, contemporary newspaper articles, journal articles, or chapters in scholarly books. 'Scholarly' is defined as peer-reviewed, with references, and published. You must supply the texts or excerpts themselves, not just the references. At least one of the references must be from a scholarly book or journal article. All supporting materials must be in English, or accompanied by an English translation.
The Engineering Heritage Recognition Program https://portal.engineersaustralia.org.au/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Mount%20Stromlo.Nomination.V7.%20Jan%202018.pdf
One Stop Shop: One of the most unique aspects of the Mt Stromlo Observatory was its capacity as
a fully integrated workplace. While the main purpose of work on site was astronomy, all supporting
infrastructure was on site to enable the research, development, design and manufacture of all the
required instrumentation, optics and electronics.
While it is common for the astronomers themselves to be acclaimed for their work, it must not be
forgotten that the engineers, technicians, mechanics and assistants in the workshops were the key
driving force behind the technology and developments which enabled many of the most famous
astronomical discoveries. ...The Engineering and Technical staff worked closely with the
astronomers and researchers - innovating and creating instrumentation to enhance the observing
capacity of the existing telescopes. They were also involved in the development of exceptionally
complex projects and commissions, building whole instruments from the ground up. ...The workshop
complex ... was completely destroyed in the 2003 firestorm. After taking up temporary lodgings on
the ANU Acton Campus - the workshops were replaced by the new Advanced Instrumentation and
Technology Centre
https://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/new-laser-to-help-clear-the-sky-of-space-debris
Laser Ranging and space debris tracking: A Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) Observatory was installed on Mt Stromlo in 1998 adjacent to the Observatory. It was built and operated by Electro Optic Systems Pty Ltd for Geoscience Australia, in collaboration with the Mount
Stromlo Observatory. The initial facility was destroyed by fire in 2003, but the redevelopment that was already in progress enabled a new facility to be opened in 2004. The shared research centre incorporates a number of functions including the tracking of space debris to avoid collision with satellites, the Geoscience Australia laser ranging facility, a telescope test facility and an atmospheric monitoring facility. Laser ranging is used by Geoscience Australia as part of a world-wide network of stations to determine the precise orbit of reference satellites and thereby to monitor changes in the position of the stations on the Earth’s surface.
References:
1. https://portal.engineersaustralia.org.au/heritage/mount-stromlo-observatory-1924
2. https://portal.engineersaustralia.org.au/system/files/engineering-heritage-australia/nomination-title/HRP.Mount%20Stromlo.Nomination.V7.%20Jan%202018.pdf
3. Australian Heritage Database, Mount Stromlo Observatory Precinct, Mt Stromlo Rd, Mt Stromlo,
ACT, Australia, Commonwealth Heritage List, Place 105309, 22/06/2004
4. Mount Stromlo observatory conservation management plan, Tanner Architects, 2004
5. The Mount Stromlo Observatory Precinct Heritage Management Plan, GML Heritage, July 2015
6. Mt Stromlo Heritage Trail, ANU 2014
7. http://msoheritagetrail.anu.edu.au/
8. http://msoheritagetrail.anu.edu.au/timeline
9. http://msoheritagetrail.anu.edu.au/telescopes
10. ScienceWise - Autumn 2011, Taming the jitters: Developing the adaptive optics for the world’s
most powerful telescope, http://sciencewise.anu.edu.au/articles/jitters
11. ANU RSAA Instrumentation http://rsaa.anu.edu.au/research/themes/instrumentation
12. ANU Heritage Office Oral History Recordings, Interview with Hermann Wehner, 18 Feb 2014
13. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/117119
14. Interview with Gabe Bloxman: optics specialist, and John Hart: engineer, 12 March 2014
15. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/117112
16. Stromlo; an Australian observatory, Tom Frame and Don Faulkner, Allen & Unwin, 2003
17. Mount Stromlo Observatory; from bush observatory to the Nobel Prize, Ragbir Bhathal, Ralph
Sutherland and Harvey Butcher, CSIRO Publishing, 2013
18. ANU Mount Stromlo 2004 site interpretation brochure, formerly accessed at
http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/info/documents/MSOSignage2004.pdf and referred to in A Century of
Canberra Engineering, Keith Baker, Engineers Australia 2013, p79
19. https://www.mso.anu.edu.au/gallery3/index.php/first100years/album17
20. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1953ApJ...118..502K
21. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1957AJ.....62..205K
22. https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1966MNRAS.134...59G
23.
History of Astronomy in Australia: Big-Impact Astronomy from World War II until the Lunar Landing (1945-1969)
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.00901.pdf
24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHF3tiS3Ths
25. https://rsaa.anu.edu.au/observatories/mount-stromlo-observatory/telescopes
Supporting materials (supported formats: GIF, JPEG, PNG, PDF, DOC): All supporting materials must be in English, or if not in English, accompanied by an English translation. You must supply the texts or excerpts themselves, not just the references. For documents that are copyright-encumbered, or which you do not have rights to post, email the documents themselves to ieee-history@ieee.org. Please see the Milestone Program Guidelines for more information.
Please email a jpeg or PDF a letter in English, or with English translation, from the site owner(s) giving permission to place IEEE milestone plaque on the property, and a letter (or forwarded email) from the appropriate Section Chair supporting the Milestone application to ieee-history@ieee.org with the subject line "Attention: Milestone Administrator." Note that there are multiple texts of the letter depending on whether an IEEE organizational unit other than the section will be paying for the plaque(s).
Please recommend reviewers by emailing their names and email addresses to ieee-history@ieee.org. Please include the docket number and brief title of your proposal in the subject line of all emails.
