Milestone-Proposal:SCR/Thyristor: Difference between revisions

From IEEE Milestones Wiki
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 12: Line 12:
|a3=1954-1957
|a3=1954-1957
|a1=The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)/Thyristor 1957
|a1=The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)/Thyristor 1957
|plaque citation=The three-terminal p-n-p-n device introduced by General Electric (GE) in 1957 as the silicon controlled recifier (SCR, later thyristor) became the dominant control device in the power industry.  The development of the SCR revolutionized the control of electrical machines.  Prior to 1955, triode vacuum tubes were used fro machine control that were difficult to operate and were notoriously unreliable.  The symmetrical switch (TRIAC) evolved from the SCR, later still came the gate turn-turn-off thyristor.
|plaque citation=The three-terminal p-n-p-n device introduced by General Electric (GE) in 1957 as the silicon controlled recifier (SCR, later thyristor) revolutionized the efficient control of electric energy.  The development of the SCR revolutionized the control of electrical machines.  Prior to 1955, triode vacuum tubes were used fot machine control that were difficult to operate and were notoriously unreliable.  The symmetrical switch (TRIAC) evolved from the SCR, later still came the gate turn-turn-off thyristor and the large integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT).
|a2b=Schenectady, New York
|a2b=Schenectady, New York
|IEEE units paying={{IEEE Organizational Unit Paying
|IEEE units paying={{IEEE Organizational Unit Paying
Line 44: Line 44:
|a9=The Plaque will be visible to the public in the lobby of the Museum.  There will be an exhibition of materials related to the SCR/Thyristor in the Museum itself
|a9=The Plaque will be visible to the public in the lobby of the Museum.  There will be an exhibition of materials related to the SCR/Thyristor in the Museum itself
|a10=Museum of Science and Innovation,   Schenectady
|a10=Museum of Science and Innovation,   Schenectady
|a4=The invention of the SCR/Thyristor revolutionized the control of power conversion by replacing vacuum tube mercury-arc controlled rectifier (the thyratron) with a three terminal semiconductor device.  It is a four layer three terminal solid state semiconductor device. It has an anode, a cathode and a gate. The diode is a two terminal device, current flows from the anode to the cathode when a positive voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode.  The SCR operates like a diode except that current cannot flow until a small voltage is applied between the gate and the cathode. Current flow is stopped by reducing the current below the latching value.
|a4=The invention of the SCR/Thyristor revolutionized the control of electric power conversion by replacing the gas-filled controlled rectifier tube (the thyratron) with a three terminal solid-state device consistiing of an anode, a cathode and a gate. Unlike the two terminal diode in which current flows when a positive voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, the SCR will not conduct with a positive anode-cathode voltage until a small voltage is applied between the gate and the cathode. Conduction is stopped by reducing the current to a low value known as the latching current.
The invention of the SCR/Thyristor led to dramatic efficiency and control improvements in the rectification of line voltages and is the basis of modern speed control of ac and dc motors. Its application to motor control had a substantial impact in electric traction,  making possible the displacement of dc motors by the more efficient and reliaable ac motors, particlulaly in railroads. The SCR and its derivative, the GTO, have made possible HVDC transmission at much higher voltages and power levels than previously obtainable with mercury arc rectifiers and thyratrons.
The SCR has also had a dramatic impact on manufacturing.The steel, electrochemical, automotive and welding industries, among many others, benefited greaatly by the improved efficiency, more precise control, and reduced cost made possible by the application of SCR based equipment to their processes.
|a6=The functional basis of the SCR as an interconnection of two transistors was originally described as early as 1950 and published by J. J. Ebers of Bell Laboratories in 1952. The subsequent reduction to practice as a monolithic device required a deeper understanding of the current dependency of the current gains of the two transistors, and recognition that silicon and not germanium was the appropriate semiconductor to use. Problems of false triggering by thermally or dv/dt induced currents at the triggering junction also needed to be understood and solved.
Initial devices demonstrated relatively low power ratings, leading some to believe that the SCR was not destined for high power applications. Improvements in silicon crystal growth and wafer processing lead to ever larger devices with ratings now exceeding 10 kV and 3 kA. Package design was another challenge as device ratings, and hence device dissipation, increased. The single-sided cooled, stud mounted device was replaced by the two-sided cooled “hockey puck” package in which the silicon was not bonded, but contacted by compression of the package thus allowing movement to accommodate thermally induced stresses in the large Si wafer.
A further obstacle to extending the application of the SCR is the speed at which it is capable of switching. Early devices could be applied at frequencies not much higher than 10’s of Hz. A better understanding of device behavior and Improvements in device design and fabrication have produced devices capable of operating at frequencies in the 10’s of kHz.


The breakthrough in the invention of the SCR/Thyristor led to dramatic improvements in the rectification of line voltages and was the basis of modern speed control of ac and dc motors.
|a5=Among similar achievements are the thyratron, the bipolar transistor (BJT) and the field effect transistor (FET), devices which were invented before the SCR. The SCR made the thyratron obsolete by manifesting it’s function in a smaller, more efficient, more reliable and more easily controlled solid state device. In addition, the SCR can exhibit power ratings far exceeding the thyratron’s. Besides its ability to control much higher power levels, the singular feature of the SCR that sets it apart from the BJT and FET is its bipolar voltage blocking capability. The BJT can support a voltage of only one polarity and thus cannot function in applications for which the SCR is appropriate. Due to materials issues the FET had a long gestation period before it became a practical device, and it wasn’t until the 1970’s that the vertical channel power MOSFET was developed. Like the BJT, the FET is incapable of bilateral voltage blocking and cannot be used in place of the SCR.
 
The initial application for the SCR was in phased controlled rectification. Rectification involves the conversion of ac voltage to dc voltage.  Phase controlled rectification allowed ac voltage to be converted to dc voltage and by delaying the trigger point the average value of the dc output can be regulated. This led to the rapid development of high voltage dc transmission for long distances and for undersea transmission.
|a6=Phase control was well established in the first half of the twentieth century but the implementation using gas-discharge devices was unreliable and involved complex circuitry. The SCR was both reliable and led to easy implementation in simplified circuits.  Switching circuits by their nature had lower losses than linear ciruits that involved continuous dissipation. As an example a transistor in continuous operation could regulate the power transfer in a circuit by the principle of maximum power transfer but the dissipation meant that the circuit was very inefficient, switching solved this by limiting the losses in the circuit to the switching operation.
 
Transistors had been around for nearly a decade but they operated in a linear mode. There was a lack of suitable materials to add an additional semiconductor layer to the transistor until the SCR arrived on the scene.
|a5=The invention of the SCR was unique in the history of power electronics. Achievements in the decade prior to the invention of the SCR mainly realted to the three terminal transistor, the point contact transistor at Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL).  This led to the profusion of applications for the transistor that operated in continuous conduction and wasn't suitable for switching circuits.  It is the efficiency of the switching circuits that sets the SCR apart.
 
The development of the mercury arc valve for dc transmission continued into the 1960's until the voltage and current ratings of the SCR reached those of the competing vacuum valves.
|references=[1] SCR Is 50 Years Old, E. L. Owen , IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Volume 13, Issue 6, Pages 6 - 10, 2007
|references=[1] SCR Is 50 Years Old, E. L. Owen , IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Volume 13, Issue 6, Pages 6 - 10, 2007


[2] The Silicon p-n-p-n Switch and Sontrolled Rectifier (Thyristor), N. Holonyak, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,  Volume 16, Issue 1  
[2] The Silicon p-n-p-n Switch and Sontrolled Rectifier (Thyristor), N. Holonyak, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,  Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 8 - 16, 2001  
Pages 8 - 16, 2001  


[3] dc Power Transmission: Mercury-Arc to Thyristor HVdc Valves, Deepak Tiku, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Volume 12, Issue: 2  
[3] dc Power Transmission: Mercury-Arc to Thyristor HVdc Valves, Deepak Tiku, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Volume 12, Issue: 2  

Revision as of 12:55, 8 January 2018


To see comments, or add a comment to this discussion, click here.

Docket #:2017-15

This Proposal has been approved, and is now a Milestone


To the proposer’s knowledge, is this achievement subject to litigation? No

Is the achievement you are proposing more than 25 years old? Yes

Is the achievement you are proposing within IEEE’s designated fields as defined by IEEE Bylaw I-104.11, namely: Engineering, Computer Sciences and Information Technology, Physical Sciences, Biological and Medical Sciences, Mathematics, Technical Communications, Education, Management, and Law and Policy. Yes

Did the achievement provide a meaningful benefit for humanity? Yes

Was it of at least regional importance? Yes

Has an IEEE Organizational Unit agreed to pay for the milestone plaque(s)? Yes

Has an IEEE Organizational Unit agreed to arrange the dedication ceremony? Yes

Has the IEEE Section in which the milestone is located agreed to take responsibility for the plaque after it is dedicated? Yes

Has the owner of the site agreed to have it designated as an IEEE Milestone? Yes


Year or range of years in which the achievement occurred:

1954-1957

Title of the proposed milestone:

The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)/Thyristor 1957

Plaque citation summarizing the achievement and its significance:

The three-terminal p-n-p-n device introduced by General Electric (GE) in 1957 as the silicon controlled recifier (SCR, later thyristor) revolutionized the efficient control of electric energy. The development of the SCR revolutionized the control of electrical machines. Prior to 1955, triode vacuum tubes were used fot machine control that were difficult to operate and were notoriously unreliable. The symmetrical switch (TRIAC) evolved from the SCR, later still came the gate turn-turn-off thyristor and the large integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT).

200-250 word abstract describing the significance of the technical achievement being proposed, the person(s) involved, historical context, humanitarian and social impact, as well as any possible controversies the advocate might need to review.


IEEE technical societies and technical councils within whose fields of interest the Milestone proposal resides.


In what IEEE section(s) does it reside?

Schenectady, New York

IEEE Organizational Unit(s) which have agreed to sponsor the Milestone:

IEEE Organizational Unit(s) paying for milestone plaque(s):

Unit: Power Electronics Society
Senior Officer Name: Alan Mantooth, President

IEEE Organizational Unit(s) arranging the dedication ceremony:

Unit: Power Electronics Society
Senior Officer Name: Alan Mantooth, President

IEEE section(s) monitoring the plaque(s):

IEEE Section: Schenectady, New York
IEEE Section Chair name: Amal Mallavarapu

Milestone proposer(s):

Proposer name: W.G. Hurley
Proposer email: Proposer's email masked to public

Please note: your email address and contact information will be masked on the website for privacy reasons. Only IEEE History Center Staff will be able to view the email address.

Street address(es) and GPS coordinates in decimal form of the intended milestone plaque site(s):

Museum of Science and Innovation 15 Nott Terrace Heights Schenectady, NY 12308 U.S.A.

Describe briefly the intended site(s) of the milestone plaque(s). The intended site(s) must have a direct connection with the achievement (e.g. where developed, invented, tested, demonstrated, installed, or operated, etc.). A museum where a device or example of the technology is displayed, or the university where the inventor studied, are not, in themselves, sufficient connection for a milestone plaque.

Please give the address(es) of the plaque site(s) (GPS coordinates if you have them). Also please give the details of the mounting, i.e. on the outside of the building, in the ground floor entrance hall, on a plinth on the grounds, etc. If visitors to the plaque site will need to go through security, or make an appointment, please give the contact information visitors will need. The Museum of Science and Innovation has custody of the GE Heritage Museum

The General Electric Photograph collection consists of nearly 1.5 million images dating from 1891-1960 and depicts the development of the electrical industry and 20th century American life. The images document almost every aspect of the company, including product installations, advertising, consumer and industrial products, factories, executives, researchers, and factory workers

Are the original buildings extant?

The original buildings where the SCR was developed is no longer there.

Details of the plaque mounting:

In the lobby of the Museum

How is the site protected/secured, and in what ways is it accessible to the public?

The Plaque will be visible to the public in the lobby of the Museum. There will be an exhibition of materials related to the SCR/Thyristor in the Museum itself

Who is the present owner of the site(s)?

Museum of Science and Innovation,   Schenectady

What is the historical significance of the work (its technological, scientific, or social importance)? If personal names are included in citation, include justification here. (see section 6 of Milestone Guidelines)

The invention of the SCR/Thyristor revolutionized the control of electric power conversion by replacing the gas-filled controlled rectifier tube (the thyratron) with a three terminal solid-state device consistiing of an anode, a cathode and a gate. Unlike the two terminal diode in which current flows when a positive voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, the SCR will not conduct with a positive anode-cathode voltage until a small voltage is applied between the gate and the cathode. Conduction is stopped by reducing the current to a low value known as the latching current. The invention of the SCR/Thyristor led to dramatic efficiency and control improvements in the rectification of line voltages and is the basis of modern speed control of ac and dc motors. Its application to motor control had a substantial impact in electric traction, making possible the displacement of dc motors by the more efficient and reliaable ac motors, particlulaly in railroads. The SCR and its derivative, the GTO, have made possible HVDC transmission at much higher voltages and power levels than previously obtainable with mercury arc rectifiers and thyratrons. The SCR has also had a dramatic impact on manufacturing.The steel, electrochemical, automotive and welding industries, among many others, benefited greaatly by the improved efficiency, more precise control, and reduced cost made possible by the application of SCR based equipment to their processes.

What obstacles (technical, political, geographic) needed to be overcome?

The functional basis of the SCR as an interconnection of two transistors was originally described as early as 1950 and published by J. J. Ebers of Bell Laboratories in 1952. The subsequent reduction to practice as a monolithic device required a deeper understanding of the current dependency of the current gains of the two transistors, and recognition that silicon and not germanium was the appropriate semiconductor to use. Problems of false triggering by thermally or dv/dt induced currents at the triggering junction also needed to be understood and solved. Initial devices demonstrated relatively low power ratings, leading some to believe that the SCR was not destined for high power applications. Improvements in silicon crystal growth and wafer processing lead to ever larger devices with ratings now exceeding 10 kV and 3 kA. Package design was another challenge as device ratings, and hence device dissipation, increased. The single-sided cooled, stud mounted device was replaced by the two-sided cooled “hockey puck” package in which the silicon was not bonded, but contacted by compression of the package thus allowing movement to accommodate thermally induced stresses in the large Si wafer. A further obstacle to extending the application of the SCR is the speed at which it is capable of switching. Early devices could be applied at frequencies not much higher than 10’s of Hz. A better understanding of device behavior and Improvements in device design and fabrication have produced devices capable of operating at frequencies in the 10’s of kHz.

What features set this work apart from similar achievements?

Among similar achievements are the thyratron, the bipolar transistor (BJT) and the field effect transistor (FET), devices which were invented before the SCR. The SCR made the thyratron obsolete by manifesting it’s function in a smaller, more efficient, more reliable and more easily controlled solid state device. In addition, the SCR can exhibit power ratings far exceeding the thyratron’s. Besides its ability to control much higher power levels, the singular feature of the SCR that sets it apart from the BJT and FET is its bipolar voltage blocking capability. The BJT can support a voltage of only one polarity and thus cannot function in applications for which the SCR is appropriate. Due to materials issues the FET had a long gestation period before it became a practical device, and it wasn’t until the 1970’s that the vertical channel power MOSFET was developed. Like the BJT, the FET is incapable of bilateral voltage blocking and cannot be used in place of the SCR.

Supporting texts and citations to establish the dates, location, and importance of the achievement: Minimum of five (5), but as many as needed to support the milestone, such as patents, contemporary newspaper articles, journal articles, or chapters in scholarly books. 'Scholarly' is defined as peer-reviewed, with references, and published. You must supply the texts or excerpts themselves, not just the references. At least one of the references must be from a scholarly book or journal article. All supporting materials must be in English, or accompanied by an English translation.

[1] SCR Is 50 Years Old, E. L. Owen , IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Volume 13, Issue 6, Pages 6 - 10, 2007

[2] The Silicon p-n-p-n Switch and Sontrolled Rectifier (Thyristor), N. Holonyak, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 8 - 16, 2001

[3] dc Power Transmission: Mercury-Arc to Thyristor HVdc Valves, Deepak Tiku, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Volume 12, Issue: 2 Pages: 76 - 96, 2014

[4] Fiftieth anniversary of modern power electronics: The Silicon Controlled Rectifier, E. L. Owen, IEEE Conference on the History of Electric Power , Pages 201 - 211, 2007

[5] GE SCR Manual, 5th Ed., GE Syracuse New York, 1972

Supporting materials (supported formats: GIF, JPEG, PNG, PDF, DOC): All supporting materials must be in English, or if not in English, accompanied by an English translation. You must supply the texts or excerpts themselves, not just the references. For documents that are copyright-encumbered, or which you do not have rights to post, email the documents themselves to ieee-history@ieee.org. Please see the Milestone Program Guidelines for more information.


Please email a jpeg or PDF a letter in English, or with English translation, from the site owner(s) giving permission to place IEEE milestone plaque on the property, and a letter (or forwarded email) from the appropriate Section Chair supporting the Milestone application to ieee-history@ieee.org with the subject line "Attention: Milestone Administrator." Note that there are multiple texts of the letter depending on whether an IEEE organizational unit other than the section will be paying for the plaque(s).

Please recommend reviewers by emailing their names and email addresses to ieee-history@ieee.org. Please include the docket number and brief title of your proposal in the subject line of all emails.