Milestone-Proposal:Invention of Temparature- Insensitive Quartz Oscillation Plate Enabling HIghly Stable Communications and Clocks, 1933: Difference between revisions
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<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Through continued precise theoretical investigation and experiments, Koga discovered the existence of two cutting angles arriving at a zero temperature-coefficient. Pursing closer studies in the region of ''θ'' = 55°, a precise angle of 54° 45′ was determined. These results were reported on October 10, 1933 [7].</div> | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Through continued precise theoretical investigation and experiments, Koga discovered the existence of two cutting angles arriving at a zero temperature-coefficient. Pursing closer studies in the region of ''θ'' = 55°, a precise angle of 54° 45′ was determined. These results were reported on October 10, 1933 [7].</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> In parallel with his theoretical work, Koga proceeded to produce a practical plate with a zero-coefficient. Finally, for the first time anywhere in the world, he realized a very low temperature-coefficient plate on the order of 10<sup>-7</sup>, while conventional ones (X- and Y-cut, among others) were on the order of 10<sup>-5</sup>. This result was also included in the above-mentioned report of October 10, 1933 [7]. Slightly different examples of quartz plate holders used in Koga's research are shown in Fig. 3 [[Media:Fig_3.pdf]] and Fig. 4 [[Media:Fig_4.pdf ]].</div> | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> In parallel with his theoretical work, Koga proceeded to produce a practical plate with a zero-coefficient. Finally, for the first time anywhere in the world, he realized a very low temperature-coefficient plate on the order of 10<sup>-7</sup>, while conventional ones (X- and Y-cut, among others) were on the order of 10<sup>-5</sup>. This result was also included in the above-mentioned report of October 10, 1933 [7]. Slightly different examples of quartz plate holders used in Koga's research are shown in Fig. 3 [[Media:Fig_3.pdf]] and Fig. 4 [[Media:Fig_4.pdf]].</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Some ten days after Koga's announcement, a similar theoretical prediction (the existence of two types of zero-temperature-coefficient plates) was reported on October 20, 1933 by a German researcher, R. Bechmann of Telefunken Co. In this report, Koga's earlier paper written in 1932 [3] was cited as a reference, an event detailed below in the present document.</div> | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Some ten days after Koga's announcement, a similar theoretical prediction (the existence of two types of zero-temperature-coefficient plates) was reported on October 20, 1933 by a German researcher, R. Bechmann of Telefunken Co. In this report, Koga's earlier paper written in 1932 [3] was cited as a reference, an event detailed below in the present document.</div> | ||
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<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Koga believed from the earliest stage of his research on quartz oscillation that one important application areas would be crystal clocks, able to provide dependable time and frequency standards.</div> | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Koga believed from the earliest stage of his research on quartz oscillation that one important application areas would be crystal clocks, able to provide dependable time and frequency standards.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> He proposed and developed various types of crystal clocks using his stable oscillation plates. The first model (KQ-1) was designed in 1936 and first demonstrated at the 1937 Paris International Exposition (Fig. 5 [[Media:Fig_5.pdf]]). He continued the improvement of quartz clocks (models KQ-2 to KQ-5) until the 1950s in cooperation with Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (Fig. 6 [[Media:Fig_6.pdf]]). The final model (KQ-6) was designed in 1955 for professional uses. It was installed in Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd. (KDD), where it operated satisfactorily for more than ten years as a time-and-frequency standard (note Fig. 7 [[Media:Fig_7.pdf]] and Fig. 8 [[Media:Fig_8.pdf]]).</div> | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> He proposed and developed various types of crystal clocks using his stable oscillation plates. The first model (KQ-1) was designed in 1936 and first demonstrated at the 1937 Paris International Exposition (Fig. 5 [[Media:Fig_5.pdf]]). He continued the improvement of quartz clocks (models KQ-2 to KQ-5) until the 1950s in cooperation with Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (Fig. 6 [[Media:Fig_6.pdf]]). The final model (KQ-6) was designed in 1955 for professional uses. It was installed in Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd. (KDD), where it operated satisfactorily for more than ten years as a time-and-frequency standard (note Fig. 7 [[Media:Fig_7.pdf]] and Fig. 8 [[Media:Fig_8.pdf]]).</div><br /> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(4) Social importance of the invention of temperature-insensitive quartz crystal oscillation plates'''</div> | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(4) Social importance of the invention of temperature-insensitive quartz crystal oscillation plates'''</div> | ||
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<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">All Figures of Fig. 1 to Fig. 10 refered in the above paragraphs are shown with the following linking .</div> | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">All Figures of Fig. 1 to Fig. 10 refered in the above paragraphs are shown with the following linking .</div> | ||
[[Media:Fig.1_to_Fig.10.pdf]]<br /> | [[Media:Fig.1_to_Fig.10.pdf]]<br /> | ||
|a6=<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | |a6=<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> From the early 1930s, a consistently higher stability of oscillation frequency for transmitting stations became an issue in order to avoid mutual interference in realizing government and industry requirements. No systematic design principles had been established. In such circumstances Koga perceived at once that a theory for analyzing the behavior of anisotropic quartz vibrations had to be found. His research overcame obstacles to this realization in two ways</div><br /> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">(1) In establishing a systematic method of analysis in order to regulate thickness vibration, basic equations for strict anisotropic quartz crystal had encountered considerable complexity. Thus, in order to simplify these issues, Koga first studied the vibration of simple isotropic crystals making reference to Lamb's theory for normal elastic bodies. By a further extension, he obtained a general formulation for true anisotropic quartz crystals. His theory, which included the essential formula (2) given in this document (section B-1), was published in August 1932 in several English-language journals [2, 3] and was soon being referred to by researchers worldwide.</div><br /> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">(2) After the theoretical prediction of a zero-temperature-coefficient plate (R<sub>1</sub>-cut) in April 1933, Koga set out to realize an actual plate having zero (or near-zero) temperature-coefficient. The problem to be overcome was how to obtain the precise angle of cutting an R<sub>1</sub> plate corresponding to its theoretically estimated value (54°45′ rotating about the X-axis) within a ± 1/100 degree margin of error.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Koga and his group solved this problem by introducing an X-ray diffractometer, succeeding at last in the production of a plate having a temperature coefficient of less than 10<sup>-7</sup> (almost two digits smaller than those of existing X- and Y-cut plates).</div><br /> | ||
|a5=<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(1) Koga's achievement'''</div> | |||
|a5=<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Issac Koga started his study of quartz crystal oscillators following Cady's initial discovery (1922) of quartz plate oscillation. At that time, investigations of quartz oscillation were mostly undertaken experimentally by making actual oscillation plates without any back-up design principle. In order to overcome the inherent complexities, Koga strove successfully to establish a precise theory for the vibration analysis of quartz plates.</div><br /> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Koga's work may be summarized as follows:</div><br /> | ||
*Theory of crystal vibration | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">*Theory of crystal vibration | ||
 In 1932, when Koga established his precise theoretical analysis of thickness vibration of anisotropic quartz crystal, no similar theory existed. Therefore, Koga's theory [2 and 3] was readily adopted in the field together with the practice of rotating the cutting angle around the crystallographic axis. |  In 1932, when Koga established his precise theoretical analysis of thickness vibration of anisotropic quartz crystal, no similar theory existed. Therefore, Koga's theory [2 and 3] was readily adopted in the field together with the practice of rotating the cutting angle around the crystallographic axis. | ||
 This contributed worldwide to the application of zero-temperature-coefficient quartz plates. |  This contributed worldwide to the application of zero-temperature-coefficient quartz plates.</dev>,br /> | ||
*Zero-temperature-coefficient plates | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">*Zero-temperature-coefficient plates | ||
 In late 1929 and early 1930, several proposals appeared for realization of zero-temperature-coefficient plates. Among them, a ring-type plate was considered promising, however it was unusable in actual transmitters owing to delicate design constraints. |  In late 1929 and early 1930, several proposals appeared for realization of zero-temperature-coefficient plates. Among them, a ring-type plate was considered promising, however it was unusable in actual transmitters owing to delicate design constraints. | ||
 As explained, Koga concentrated on producing a zero-temperature-coefficient plate by rotating the cutting angle along the X-axis and realized an actual plate having a zero-coefficient in 1933 [7]. Similar work was being done in Europe and US, and this may be summarized as follows:</div>< |  As explained, Koga concentrated on producing a zero-temperature-coefficient plate by rotating the cutting angle along the X-axis and realized an actual plate having a zero-coefficient in 1933 [7]. Similar work was being done in Europe and US, and this may be summarized as follows:</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(2) Early work in Germany'''</div> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0.196cm;">'''( | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> After Koga's realization of zero-temperature-coefficient (in fact, “near-zero”) plates on October 10, 1933, Bechmann of Telefunken Co., independently reported theoretical prediction of the existence of two types of zero-temperature-coefficient plates. In this report, Koga's 1932 paper [3] was offered as a starting point. (cf. ''Naturwissenschaften'', Vol. 21, No. 42, p. 752, October 20, 1933)</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0.196cm;">'''(3) Successive work at Bell Labs (US)'''</div> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> In July 1934, Lack, Willard, and Fair of Bell Laboratories in the US reported zero-temperature-coefficient plates by rotating the cutting angle about X axis starting from Y-cut crystals. The two types of plates were named AT- and BT-cut. Presently the terms AT and BT are still widely used, however they are substantially the same as Koga's earlier respective R<sub>1</sub>- and R<sub>2</sub>-cut (cf. ''Bell System Technical Journal'', p. 453, July 1934).</div> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(4) Seiko's IEEE Milestone: Quartz Wristwatch'''</div> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> The wristwatch achieved by the firm of Suwa Seikosha in 1969 has already been filed as an IEEE Milestone (2004). In this case, quartz oscillators use a different type of vibration mode, namely a tuning-fork. This is because frequency must be lower (some 32 kHz) than that used for communication purposes in order be accommodated within a very compact space. | |||
 In July 1934, Lack, Willard, and Fair of Bell Laboratories in the US reported zero-temperature-coefficient plates by rotating the cutting angle about X axis starting from Y-cut crystals. The two types of plates were named AT- and BT-cut. Presently the terms AT and BT are still widely used, however they are substantially the same as Koga's earlier respective R<sub>1</sub>- and R<sub>2</sub>-cut (cf. ''Bell System Technical Journal'', p. 453, July 1934). | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | |||
 The wristwatch achieved by the firm of Suwa Seikosha in 1969 has already been filed as an IEEE Milestone (2004). In this case, quartz oscillators use a different type of vibration mode, namely a tuning-fork. This is because frequency must be lower (some 32 kHz) than that used for communication purposes in order be accommodated within a very compact space. | |||
 Although Koga proposed tuning-fork vibration components in his studies before hitting upon a strict zero-temperature-coefficient vibrator R<sub>1</sub>-cut, the significance of the present Milestone Proposal differs greatly from that awarded Seiko. Therefore, the wristwatch Milestone in no way detracts from the originality of the present Issac Koga proposal.</div> |  Although Koga proposed tuning-fork vibration components in his studies before hitting upon a strict zero-temperature-coefficient vibrator R<sub>1</sub>-cut, the significance of the present Milestone Proposal differs greatly from that awarded Seiko. Therefore, the wristwatch Milestone in no way detracts from the originality of the present Issac Koga proposal.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | |||
[[File:R1-cut Quartz Table 1.jpg|left|800px|]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> Koga's pioneering studies in the theory and technologies of quartz oscillation continued unabated, in collaboration with his group (cf. Fig. 11) after World War II (including [11] and [12]). These works have further contributed to the establishment of present-day quartz technologies. </div><br /> | |||
|references=<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">(Note)<br /> In the references listed below, Koga's affiliated university name ''“Tokyo University of Engineering”'' refers to the older English appellation of the present-day “Tokyo Institute of Technology”.</div> | |||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(Theory of Vibration Analysis)'''</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[1] I. Koga, "Longitudinal Vibration of Short Circular Cylinders" (in Japanese), ''Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan'', Vol. 50, No. 508, pp. 1209-1224, November 1930.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[2] I. Koga, "Thickness Vibration of Piezoelectric Oscillating Crystal", ''Physics'', Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 70-80, August 1932.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[3] I. Koga, (the same item as Ref. [2], in English), ''Report of Radio Researches and Works in Japan'', Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 157-173, September 1932.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(Zero-Temperature-Coefficient Oscillation Plates)'''</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[4] I. Koga, "R-cut Quartz Oscillating Plates and Harmonic Oscillation (in Japanese)", ''Proc. of 2nd Conference on Engineering, Electrical Engineering Section'', No. 102, p. 170, April 1932.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[5] ''Japan Patent No. 95637'', "Piezoelectric Vibration Plates", Koga (inventor), Takeuchi (patentee), April 30, 1932 (granted).</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[6] I. Koga and K. Ichinose, "Quartz Oscillating Plates with Small Temperature Coefficients for Short-Wave" (in Japanese), ''Proc. of 8th Joint Conference on Electrical Engineering'', No. 135, pp. 205-206, April 2, 1933.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[7] I. Koga and N. Takagi, "Piezoelectric Oscillating Quartz Plates with Temperature Coefficients less than 10<sup>-7</sup>/°C" (in Japanese), ''Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan'', Vol. 53, No. 543, p. 940, October 10, 1933.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[8] I. Koga and N. Takagi, "Temperature Coefficients of Elastic Constants of Quartz" (in Japanese), ''Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan'', Vol. 53, No. 545, p. 1141, December 1933.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[9] I. Koga, "Thermal Characteristics of Piezoelectric Oscillation of Quartz Plates", ''Report of Radio Researches and Works in Japan'', Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 61-76, February 1934.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(Quartz Clock)'''</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[10] I. Koga, "Quartz Electric Clock" (in Japanese), ''OHM'', Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 425-426, May 1938. </div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">'''(Subsequent Studies on Quartz Crystal)'''</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[11] I. Koga and H. Fukuyo, "Vibration of Thin Piezoelectric Quartz Plates (Especially on R<sub>1</sub> -Cut Rectangular Plates" (in Japanese), ''Journal of the Institute of Electrical Communication Engineers of Japan'', Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 59-67, February 1953.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;">[12] I. Koga, M. Aruga and Y. Yoshinaka, "Theory of Plane Elastic Waves in a Piezoelectric Crystalline Medium and Determination of Elastic and Piezoelectric Constants of Quartz", ''Physical Review'', Vol. 109, No. 5, pp. 1467-1473, March 1958.</div> | ||
<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right: | <div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:0cm;"> </div> | ||
|supporting materials=[[Media:Photographies_of_Koga's_research_group_and_the_main_building_of_Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology.pdf]]<br /> | |supporting materials=[[Media:Photographies_of_Koga's_research_group_and_the_main_building_of_Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology.pdf]]<br /> | ||
[[Media:Koga's_biography.pdf]]<br /> | [[Media:Koga's_biography.pdf]]<br /> |
Revision as of 14:59, 13 January 2016
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Docket #:2015-15
This Proposal has been approved, and is now a Milestone
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Yes
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Did the achievement provide a meaningful benefit for humanity? Yes
Was it of at least regional importance? Yes
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Year or range of years in which the achievement occurred:
1933
Title of the proposed milestone:
Invention of Temperature-Insensitive Quartz Oscillation Plate Enabling Highly Stable Communications and Clocks, 1933
Plaque citation summarizing the achievement and its significance:
200-250 word abstract describing the significance of the technical achievement being proposed, the person(s) involved, historical context, humanitarian and social impact, as well as any possible controversies the advocate might need to review.
IEEE technical societies and technical councils within whose fields of interest the Milestone proposal resides.
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IEEE Tokyo Section
Exective Committee Member
Chair of History Committe, IEEE Tokyo Section
Member of History Committee, IEEE Japan Council
Haruo Okuda
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Proposer name: Kenichi IGA
Proposer email: Proposer's email masked to public
Proposer name: Taiji Nishizawa
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In 1932, when Koga established his precise theoretical analysis of thickness vibration of anisotropic quartz crystal, no similar theory existed. Therefore, Koga's theory [2 and 3] was readily adopted in the field together with the practice of rotating the cutting angle around the crystallographic axis. This contributed worldwide to the application of zero-temperature-coefficient quartz plates.</dev>,br />
In late 1929 and early 1930, several proposals appeared for realization of zero-temperature-coefficient plates. Among them, a ring-type plate was considered promising, however it was unusable in actual transmitters owing to delicate design constraints.
As explained, Koga concentrated on producing a zero-temperature-coefficient plate by rotating the cutting angle along the X-axis and realized an actual plate having a zero-coefficient in 1933 [7]. Similar work was being done in Europe and US, and this may be summarized as follows:Supporting texts and citations to establish the dates, location, and importance of the achievement: Minimum of five (5), but as many as needed to support the milestone, such as patents, contemporary newspaper articles, journal articles, or chapters in scholarly books. 'Scholarly' is defined as peer-reviewed, with references, and published. You must supply the texts or excerpts themselves, not just the references. At least one of the references must be from a scholarly book or journal article. All supporting materials must be in English, or accompanied by an English translation.
In the references listed below, Koga's affiliated university name “Tokyo University of Engineering” refers to the older English appellation of the present-day “Tokyo Institute of Technology”.
Supporting materials (supported formats: GIF, JPEG, PNG, PDF, DOC): All supporting materials must be in English, or if not in English, accompanied by an English translation. You must supply the texts or excerpts themselves, not just the references. For documents that are copyright-encumbered, or which you do not have rights to post, email the documents themselves to ieee-history@ieee.org. Please see the Milestone Program Guidelines for more information.
Media:Photographies_of_Koga's_research_group_and_the_main_building_of_Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology.pdf
Media:Koga's_biography.pdf
Media:Reference_1_Quartz_R1-cut_translated.pdf
Media:Reference_2_Quartz_R1-cut.pdf
Media:Reference_3_Quartz_R1-cut_rev1.pdf
Media:Reference_4_Quartz_R1-cut_translated.pdf
Media:Reference_5_Quartz_R1-cut_translated.pdf
Media:Reference_6_Quartz_R1-cut_translated.pdf
Media:Reference_7_Quartz_R1-cut_translated.pdf
Media:Reference_8_Quartz_R1-cut_translated.pdf
Media:Reference_9_Quartz_R1-cut_rev1.pdf
Media:Reference_10_Quartz_R1-cut_translated.pdf
Media:Reference_11_Quartz_R1-cut_translated.pdf
Media:Reference_12_Quartz_R1-cut.pdf
Media:Reference_1_Quartz_R1-cut_Japanese_rev1.pdf
Media:Reference_4_Quartz_R1-cut_Japanese_rev1.pdf
Media:Reference_5_Quartz_R1-cut_Japanese_rev1.pdf
Media:Reference_6_Quartz_R1-cut_Japanese_rev1.pdf
Media:Reference_7_Quartz_R1-cut_Japanese_rev1.pdf
Media:Reference_8_Quartz_R1-cut_Japanese.pdf
Media:Reference_10_Quartz_R1-cut_Japanese_rev1.pdf
Media:Reference_11_Quartz_R1-cut_Japanese_rev1.pdf
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